Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

со всех языков на все языки

the first German Pope

  • 1 Gregory (From 996 to 999, the first German Pope, whose pontificate was among the most turbulent in history)

    Религия: Григорий V

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Gregory (From 996 to 999, the first German Pope, whose pontificate was among the most turbulent in history)

  • 2 the

    [ðiː] ( полная форма); [ðɪ] (редуцированная форма, употр. перед гласными), [ðə] (редуцированная форма, употр. перед согласными) 1. артикль
    1) выделяет конкретный, определённый объект из группы однородных объектов; употребляется перед названиями объектов, которые известны говорящему и слушающему, в том числе были упомянуты в предшествующем контексте
    2) указывает на существительное как на (эталонного) представителя определённого класса - часто при сопоставлении с другими классами

    The wolf is a predator. — Волк является хищником.

    Popov invented the radio. — Попов изобрёл радио.

    3)
    а) употребляется перед названиями уникальных объектов или объектов, которые уникальны в данный момент времени
    б) употребляется перед названиями рек, архипелагов, гор, областей (как правило, во мн.ч.); перед названиями некоторых стран
    в) употребляется перед географическими названиями, представляющими собой словосочетание, где главное существительное не является именем собственным
    г) употребляется перед названиями природных явлений, времён года
    4)
    а) употребляется перед существительными, обозначающими время

    at the moment — в настоящий момент, сейчас

    Could you tell me the time, please? — Вы не подскажете, сколько времени?

    б) употребляется перед числительными, обозначающими год
    5) употребляется перед названиями периодических изданий; литературных, музыкальных, художественных произведений
    6)
    а) употребляется перед названием части тела или персональной принадлежностью, упомянутой или обозначенной раньше, вместо соответствующего притяжательного местоимения

    He took him by the hand. — Он схватил его за руку.

    в) употребляется перед названиями болезней, недугов, которые в данном случае рассматриваются относительно их обладателя (также возможно безартиклевое употребление)

    His secretary had gone down with the flu. — Его секретарша слегла с гриппом.

    I have the toothache. — У меня болит зуб.

    7) употребляется перед названиями кораблей, таверн, театров и других известных сооружений
    9) употребляется перед существительным, которое определяется относительным предложением или причастным оборотом

    He is the man I told you about. — Это тот человек, о котором я вам рассказывал.

    10) употребляется перед существительным (как правило, именем собственным), которое определяется предложной группой, особенно с предлогом of
    11) тот, такой, подходящий (употребляется перед существительным, которое определяется инфинитивным оборотом)

    He is not the person to lay before us the work of absolutely the finest quality. — Он не тот человек, который положит перед нами работу высочайшего качества.

    This is the place to eat. — Вот где стоит поесть.

    12)
    а) употребляется перед существительным, которое определяет другое существительное (как правило, имя собственное), причём определяющее существительное обычно ставится после имени собственного
    б) употребляется перед прилагательными, определяющими имена собственные; в том случае если прилагательное становится постоянным эпитетом, оно употребляется после существительного
    13)
    а) употребляется перед названиями наций, народов, племён и пр.
    б) употребляется перед фамилиями, названиями династии, рода в форме множественного числа для обозначения всей семьи, династии

    the Smiths — Смиты, семья Смитов

    the Tudors — Тюдоры, династия Тюдоров

    14) употребляется перед прилагательными в превосходной степени и порядковыми прилагательными

    This is the most interesting book I've ever read. — Это самая интересная книга, которую я когда-либо читал.

    15)
    а) оформляет субстантивацию прилагательных, причастий, числительных, местоимений

    words borrowed from the German — слова, заимствованные из немецкого

    б) употребляется перед прилагательными или причастиями для образования коллективного собирательного существительного (как правило, относящегося к людям)

    the poor — бедные, бедняки

    •
    Gram:
    [ref dict="LingvoGrammar (En-Ru)"]the[/ref]
    2. нареч.

    So much the worse for them, but so much the better for me in this case. — Тем хуже для них, но тем лучше для меня в этом случае.

    2) чем... тем ( при сравнении)

    the sooner the better — чем скорее, тем лучше

    The more money people have, the more they spend. — Чем больше у людей денег, тем больше они их тратят.

    Англо-русский современный словарь > the

  • 3 Gregory

    1) Общая лексика: Грегори (мужское имя), Григорий
    2) Религия: Григорий I, (1227-41, one of the most vigorous of the 13th-century Popes, a canon lawyer, theologian, defender of papal prerogatives, and founder of the papal Inquisition) Григорий IX, (A feast held on St. Gregory's Day, 12 March) День св. Григория, (From 996 to 999, the first German Pope, whose pontificate was among the most turbulent in history) Григорий V, (One of the great reform Popes of the Middle Ages, reigned 1073-85) Григорий VII, (Pope from 1045 to 1046 who was accused of simony at the Council of Sutri, Papal States, held by the Holy Roman emperor Henry III in 1046, and he abdicated on December 20) Григорий VI, (Pope from 1271 to 1276, who reformed the assembly of cardinals that elects the Pope) Григорий X, (Pope from 1406 to 1415. He was the last of the Roman line during the Western Schism, when the papacy was contested by antipopes in Avignon and in Pisa) Григорий XII, (Pope from 1572 to 1585, who promulgated the Gregorian calendar and founded a system of seminaries for Roman Catholic priests) Григорий XIII, (Pope from 1590 to 1591. He continued the policies of his immediate predecessors, particularly in furthering the internal reform of the church.) Григорий XIV, (The last French Pope and the last of the Avignonese Popes, when Avignon was the papal seat. He reigned from 1370 to 1378) Григорий XI, (VIII)(Antipope from 1118 to 1121 who was excommunicated by Gelasius in 1118 and by Pope Calixtus II in 1119. He died in exile) Григорий (VIII)
    3) Сленг: чек (I never had any bread on me, so I had to pay by Gregory. У меня никогда не было с собой наличных, так что я заплатил чеком.)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Gregory

  • 4 Григорий V

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Григорий V

  • 5 Clement

    1) Общая лексика: Клемент, Климент (мужское имя), (Pope from 1523 to 1534. He gravely underestimated the depth and the dangers of his unpopularity in Germany, and the Reformation found the papacy psychologically unprepared for a radical and permanent rejection of its authority) Климент VI, (Pope from 1758 to 1769. During his reign, the Jesuits were ruthlessly expelled successively from Portugal, France and the French dominions, Spain and the Spanish dominions, and the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily and the duchy of Parma) Клим
    2) Религия: (First Apostolic Father, Pope from 88 to 97, or from 92 to 101, supposed third successor of St. Peter) Климент I, (III)(Antipope from 1080 to 1100. He remained antipope throughout the succeeding pontificates of Victor III and Urban II) Климент (III), (Pope from 1046 to 1047. In 1047 he convoked the Council of Rome that passed strong decrees against simony and began a period of reform that was carried on by his successors) Климент II, (Pope from 1265 to 1268 who executed the plan of Pope Urban IV, his predecessor, in a century-old battle between the papacy and the German Hohenstaufen family) Климент IV, (Pope from 1305 to 1314 who in choosing Avignon, France, for the papal residence - where it flourished until 1377 - became the first of the Avignonese Popes) Климент V, (Pope from 1342 to 1352 who opposed the Spirituals) Климент VI, (Pope from 1592 to 1605, the last pontiff to serve during the Counter-Reformation) Климент VIII, (Pope from 1667 to 1669. He clashed with King Louis XIV of France, who was determined to eliminate any religious divergence he saw as a threat to the unity of his kingdom and who revived the condemnation of Jansenism) Климент IX, (Pope from 1670 to 1676 who organized papal finances and gave Poland considerable aid against Turkish invasion) Климент X, (Pope from 1700 to 1721. Like the preceding Popes Clement IX and X, he was embroiled in the French problems of Gallicanism and Jansenism) Климент XI, (Pope from 1730 to 1740. He condemned Freemasonry, the beliefs and observances of which were considered pagan and unlawful by the Roman Catholic Church, and threatened to excommunicate any Catholic who joined) Климент XII, (Pope from 1769 to 1774 who ended the schism in Portugal by reestablishing a papal ambassador there and appointing a Portuguese cardinal) Климент XIV, (VII)(First antipope - 1378-94 - of the Western Schism that troubled the Roman Catholic church for 40 years) Климент (VII)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Clement

  • 6 clement

    1) Общая лексика: Клемент, Климент (мужское имя), (Pope from 1523 to 1534. He gravely underestimated the depth and the dangers of his unpopularity in Germany, and the Reformation found the papacy psychologically unprepared for a radical and permanent rejection of its authority) Климент VI, (Pope from 1758 to 1769. During his reign, the Jesuits were ruthlessly expelled successively from Portugal, France and the French dominions, Spain and the Spanish dominions, and the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily and the duchy of Parma) Клим
    2) Религия: (First Apostolic Father, Pope from 88 to 97, or from 92 to 101, supposed third successor of St. Peter) Климент I, (III)(Antipope from 1080 to 1100. He remained antipope throughout the succeeding pontificates of Victor III and Urban II) Климент (III), (Pope from 1046 to 1047. In 1047 he convoked the Council of Rome that passed strong decrees against simony and began a period of reform that was carried on by his successors) Климент II, (Pope from 1265 to 1268 who executed the plan of Pope Urban IV, his predecessor, in a century-old battle between the papacy and the German Hohenstaufen family) Климент IV, (Pope from 1305 to 1314 who in choosing Avignon, France, for the papal residence - where it flourished until 1377 - became the first of the Avignonese Popes) Климент V, (Pope from 1342 to 1352 who opposed the Spirituals) Климент VI, (Pope from 1592 to 1605, the last pontiff to serve during the Counter-Reformation) Климент VIII, (Pope from 1667 to 1669. He clashed with King Louis XIV of France, who was determined to eliminate any religious divergence he saw as a threat to the unity of his kingdom and who revived the condemnation of Jansenism) Климент IX, (Pope from 1670 to 1676 who organized papal finances and gave Poland considerable aid against Turkish invasion) Климент X, (Pope from 1700 to 1721. Like the preceding Popes Clement IX and X, he was embroiled in the French problems of Gallicanism and Jansenism) Климент XI, (Pope from 1730 to 1740. He condemned Freemasonry, the beliefs and observances of which were considered pagan and unlawful by the Roman Catholic Church, and threatened to excommunicate any Catholic who joined) Климент XII, (Pope from 1769 to 1774 who ended the schism in Portugal by reestablishing a papal ambassador there and appointing a Portuguese cardinal) Климент XIV, (VII)(First antipope - 1378-94 - of the Western Schism that troubled the Roman Catholic church for 40 years) Климент (VII)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > clement

  • 7 Chronology

      15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.
      400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.
      202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.
      137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.
      410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.
      714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.
      1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.
      1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.
      1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.
      1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.
      1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).
      1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.
      1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.
      1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.
      1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.
      1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.
      1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.
      1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.
      1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.
      1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.
      1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.
      1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.
      1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.
      1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.
      1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.
      1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.
      1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.
      1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).
      1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.
      1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.
      1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.
      1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.
       King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.
       King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.
      1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.
      1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.
      1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.
       Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.
       Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.
       Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.
      1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.
      1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.
      1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.
      1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.
      1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.
      1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.
      1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.
      1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.
      1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.
      1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.
      1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.
      1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.
      1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.
      1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.
      1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.
      1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.
      1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.
      1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.
      1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.
      1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.
      1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.
      1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.
      1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.
      1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.
      1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.
       Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.
       King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.
      1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of
       Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.
       Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.
       King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.
      1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.
      1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.
      1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.
      1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.
      1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.
      1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.
       January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.
       Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.
      1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.
      1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.
      1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.
      1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.
      1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.
       May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.
       March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.
       Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.
      1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.
      1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January
      1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.
      1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."
       28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.
       February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.
       April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.
      1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.
      1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."
      1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.
       6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.
       8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.
      1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.
      1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.
      1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
       January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.
      1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.
      1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.
      1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.
       March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.
       March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.
      1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July
      1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.
      1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).
      1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.
      1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.
       January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.
       January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.
       November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.
       October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.
       January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.
       May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.
       October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.
       January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).
       United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.
       January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.
       1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
       May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.
       June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
       February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.
       January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.
       July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.
      2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology

  • 8 Stumpf, Johann

    [br]
    fl. c. 1900 Germany
    [br]
    German inventor of a successful design of uniflow steam engine.
    [br]
    In 1869 Stumpf was commissioned by the Pope Manufacturing Company of Hertford, Connecticut, to set up two triple-expansion, vertical, Corliss pumping engines. He tried to simplify this complicated system and started research with the internal combustion engine and the steam turbine particularly as his models. The construction of steam turbines in several stages where the steam passed through in a unidirectional flow was being pursued at that time, and Stumpf wondered whether it would be possible to raise the efficiency of a reciprocating steam engine to the same thermal level as the turbine by the use of the uniflow principle.
    Stumpf began to investigate these principles without studying the work of earlier pioneers like L.J. Todd, which he later thought would have led him astray. It was not until 1908, when he was Professor at the Institute of Technology in Berlin- Charlottenburg, that he patented his successful "una-flow" steam engine. In that year he took out six British patents for improvements in details on his original one Stumpf fully realized the thermal advantages of compressing the residual steam and was able to evolve systems of coping with excessive compression when starting. He also placed steam-jackets around the ends of the cylinder. Stumpf's first engine was built in 1908 by the Erste B runner Maschinenfabrik-Gesellschaft, and licences were taken out by many other manufacturers, including those in Britain and the USA. His engine was developed into the most economical type of reciprocating steam engine.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1912, The Una-Flow Steam Engine, Munich: R. Oldenbourg (his own account of the una-flow engine).
    Further Reading
    H.W.Dickinson, 1938, A Short History of the Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press; R.L.Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (both discuss Stumpf's engine).
    H.J.Braun, "The National Association of German-American Technologists and technology transfer between Germany and the United States, 1844–1930", History of Technology 8 (provides details of Stumpf's earlier work).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Stumpf, Johann

См. также в других словарях:

  • The Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit — The Pauline Fathers an order of the Roman Catholic Church, are more formally known as The Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit ( Latin Ordo Sancti Pauli Primi Eremitæ , Czech Řád paulínů , German Pauliner , Hungarian Magyar Pálos Rend , Polish… …   Wikipedia

  • Pope Gregory V — Infobox Pope English name=Gregory V birth name=Bruno von Kärnthen term start=May 3, 996 term end=February 18, 999 predecessor=John XV successor=Silvester II birth date=c. 972 birthplace=SaxonyFact|date=July 2008, Germany dead=dead|death… …   Wikipedia

  • Persecution of Jews in the First Crusade — The call for the First Crusade touched off new persecutions of the Jews in which peasant crusaders from France and Germany attacked Jewish communities. BackgroundThe preaching of the First Crusade inspired an outbreak of anti Semitism. In parts… …   Wikipedia

  • German Literature — • History starting with the pre Christian period to 800 A.D Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. German Literature     German Literature      …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • The Centre Party —     The Centre     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The Centre     (THE CENTRE PARTY).     This name is given to a political party in the German Reichstag and to a number of parties in the diets of the various states of the German Empire. The oldest… …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • Pope Urban VI —     Pope Urban VI     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► Pope Urban VI     Bartolomeo Prignano, the first Roman pope during the Western Schism, born at Naples, about 1318; died at Rome, 15 October, 1389; according to many he was poisoned by the Romans. At …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • Pope Gregory V —     Pope Gregory V     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► Pope Gregory V     Born c. 970; died 4 February, 999. On the death of John XV the Romans sent a deputation to Otto III and asked him to name the one he would wish them to elect in the place of the… …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • Pope Nicholas IV —     Pope Nicholas IV     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► Pope Nicholas IV     (GIROLAMO MASCI)     Born at Ascoli in the March of Ancona; died in Rome, 4 April, 1292. He was of humble extraction, and at an early age entered the Franciscan Order. In… …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • Columbus Letter on the First Voyage — Facsimile of the first page of the folio edition of the Spanish text of Columbus s letter to Luis de Santangel, dated February 15, 1493. From the original (unique) in New York Public Library. Columbus Letter on the First Voyage to the New World… …   Wikipedia

  • Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit — Pauline Monk wearing habit The Pauline Fathers a Hungarian order of the Roman Catholic Church, are more formally known as The Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit (Latin: Ordo Sancti Pauli Primi Eremitae , Czech: Řád paulínů, German …   Wikipedia

  • Pope Benedict XVI — Benedict XVI Benedict XVI during a general audience in 2010 …   Wikipedia

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»